Right to Freedom
Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
19. (1) All citizens shall have the right—
(a) to freedom of speech and
expression;
(b) to assemble peaceably and without arms;
(c) to form associations or unions
1[or co-operative societies];
(d) to move freely throughout the
territory of India;
(e) to reside and settle in any
part of the territory of India; 2[and]
3***************
g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or
business.
4[(2)
Nothing in sub-clause (a) of clause (1) shall affect the operation of any
existing law, or prevent the State from making any law, in so far as such law
imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the
said sub-clause in the interests of 5[the sovereignty and integrity
of India,] the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States,
public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court,
defamation or incitement to an offence.]
(3) Nothing in sub-clause (b) of
the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it
imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of
5[the sovereignty and integrity of India or] public order,
reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said
sub-clause.
(4) Nothing in sub-clause (c) of
the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it
imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of
5[the sovereignty and integrity of India or] public order or
morality, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the
said sub-clause.
(5) Nothing in 6[sub-clauses
(d) and (e)] of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law
in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing,
reasonable restrictions on the exercise of any of the rights conferred by the
said sub-clauses either in the interests of the general public or for the
protection of the interests of any Scheduled Tribe.
(6) Nothing in sub-clause (g) of the said clause shall affect the
operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State
from making any law imposing, in the interests of the general public,
reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said
sub-clause, and, in particular, 7[nothing in the said sub-clause
shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it relates to, or
prevent the State from making any law relating to,—
(i) the professional or technical qualifications
necessary for practising any profession or carrying on any occupation, trade or
business, or
(ii) the carrying on by the State,
or by a corporation owned or controlled by the State, of any trade, business,
industry or service, whether to the exclusion, complete or partial, of citizens
or otherwise].
1 Ins. by the Constitution
(Ninety-seventh Amendment) Act, 2011, s. 2 (w.e.f. 8-2-2012). 2 Ins. by the
Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 2 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
3 Sub-clause (f) omitted by s. 2, ibid.
(w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
4 Subs. by the Constitution (First Amendment)
Act, 1951, s. 3, for cl. (2) (with retrospective effect).
5Ins. by the Constitution (Sixteenth
Amendment) Act, 1963, s. 2.
6 Subs. by the Constitution
(Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 2, for “sub-clauses (d), (e) and (f)”
(w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
7 Subs. by the Constitution (First Amendment)
Act, 1951, s. 3, for certain words.
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